Introduction
Forced steering is the steering the trailer does because of the steering linkage or in case of pure electronically steered trailers because of the steering function the manufacturer implemented. Forced steering describes the relationship between the articulation angle and the steering angle.
Manual steering / steer-by-wire is when the trailer has an auxiliary steering system and can be steered by remote control.
Friction based steered axles steer because of the friction, like a shopping cart
Max. bend angle: The bend angle is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the previous vehicle (e.g. tractor) and the longitudinal axis of the trailer.